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What Is A Bar Model And How Is It Used In Primary School Maths? 

What is a bar model? The bar model method is a way to represent the underlying structures of mathematical problems to aid problem solving. The bar model is first introduced in Key Stage 1 and then used more broadly across operations in KS2 and often seen in the KS2 SATs. 

Many schools will use a ‘maths mastery’ curriculum that prioritises conceptual understanding over the rote memorisation of mathematical facts and procedures. To do this, they will use what is known as a CPA approach – or the concrete pictorial abstract approach. 

The bar model is a useful tool as it can be demonstrated both in the concrete with actual maths manipulatives (such as Cuisensaire rods or counters) but also through students’ drawings. 

Ultimate Guide to Bar Modelling KS1 and KS2

Learn more about applying bar models in KS1 and KS2 arithmetic with this comprehensive guide to bar modelling.

What is a bar model?

The bar model is a pictorial representation of a maths problem that uses rectangles to represent both known and unknown quantities (missing numbers).

Early years and primary students can draw bars to represent values in maths problems. This can help them to answer the question more easily and can develop number sense.

what is a bar model example
Example of how a bar model can be used in a simple addition problem

The bar model can be used across operations and maths topics but is particularly useful for multi-step problems and complex word problems

The bar model is also known as the Singapore Maths model.

What is bar modelling 

Bar modelling uses blocks to represent values. The bar model is an effective, non concrete, way of helping your child and young learners to understand numbers and values. 

How to explain a bar model to children 

We can explain the bar model to children by taking a step by step CPA approach. By first allowing students to use concrete items such as counters, we can then transition them onto the pictorial bar model. For example, by explaining that three counters represent the same amount as a bar model of three, we can help children to develop their number sense. 

At Third Space Learning, we often use bar models in our primary online maths tuition lessons. We use bar modelling to fill gaps in individual students’ learning and help develop students to develop a solid understanding of mathematical concepts.

bar models addition problem slide example
Bar models used in an addition and subtraction word
problem in a Third Space Learning online tuition lesson

When do students learn about bar models?

Bar models are merely a way of representing problems and there is no requirement on the national curriculum for them to be taught explicitly. 

That said, many schemes do encourage their use. Informal teaching of bar methods could begin in Reception with the use of Cuisenaire rods and can move into more formal learning from Year 1 onwards.

Braces or bars in your bar models?

To represent the whole, some bar models will use a brace or another bar. The differences can be seen through the two models below.

bar model types

Having the whole represented by a bar is nearer to what usually happens in concrete situations where a Cuisenaire rod of equal length is placed above the separate parts. Doing this in the early stages of bar modelling is advisable as it will help students move from concrete to pictorial representations. 

However, as their understanding of the representations and underlying structures improves, it is beneficial to use a brace to represent the whole as it better represents the combination of the whole rather than a comparison model as can be seen when using the bar.

How does a bar model relate to other areas of maths?

The bar model can be used for a wide variety of maths number problems such as addition and subtraction problems and multiplication and division problems. 

Use of bar models can help represent the mathematical structures of the 4 operations and can be used wherever word problems require the 4 operations. Therefore, bar models are unique in their flexibility within mathematics.

Read more: Year 6 word problems

The bar model can also be used in maths lessons to teach fractions and percentages. By using a fraction bar model teachers can demonstrate the fractions and equal parts that make up one whole bar. 

Bar models can also be used to help children understand what is place value.

bar model used for place value
Example of how bar models can be used to teach place value

The purpose of these models is to scaffold students’ understanding of numbers. It is therefore unnecessary for students to actually use these models in the real world. 

However, the learning and understanding of numbers students will gain from using them early on in their mathematics journey will be stored as ‘mental models’ in which they can draw upon to solve the problems they encounter in ‘the real world’. 

Bar model examples

Bar model example 1: addition 

There were 19 people on the bus. Then 17 more people got on the bus. How many people are on the bus altogether?

The question tells us that there are 19 people on the bus. We can represent that using one bar.

bar model 19

We are then told that another 17 got on the bus. This can be demonstrated through the following:

bar model 19 and 17

The question asks us how many are now on the bus so this is an addition question.

Bar model addition

This is the final model for the question. 19 + 17 = 36. So the total number of people on the bus was 36.

Bar model example 2: multiplication as repeated addition

The length of one side of a square is 30cm. What is the perimeter?

To answer this question, we need to know that the perimeter is the length of the lines that make a shape. We also need to know that the length of the sides of a square are all equal and that there are 4 sides. If one side is 30cm then the other sides will be 30 also. This would be 30 + 30 + 30 + 30 or 30 x 4.

bar model addition 30

This is bar model multiplication as repeated addition. 30 x 4 can be thought of as 3 x 4 x 10 = 12 x 10 = 120cm.

Bar model example 3: inverse of multiplication structure

There is a total weight of 56 KG. Each weight is 7KG. How many weights are there altogether?

For this question, we know that there is a total weight of 56kg and that each weight is 7kg. What we do not know is how many weights there are in total. However, we know that there needs to be at least two – this first one and the last one that defines the end point.

bar model question

This is the inverse-of-multiplication structure and so what I need to be thinking about now is my knowledge of the 7 times table. 7, 14, 21, 18, 35, 42, 49, 56. 7 x 8 = 56 so there will be 8 weights altogether.

Bar model example 4: difference model of subtraction

I have 23 football cards and my friend has 17 football cards . How many more football cards do I have than my friend?

In this question, it is known that I have 23 football cards and that another person has 17. What it wants to know is how many more I have compared to the other. This can be shown using the bar model below.

bar model question 23 and 17

This is a difference model of subtraction and we can now solve the problem one of two ways. Either, we can subtract 17 from 23 or we can count on from 17 until we get to 23. This is down to student choice but the answer they should get is 6.

Bar model practice questions and answers

Use the bar models examples to represent the following problems.

1. There were 25 people on the bus. Then 17 more people got on the bus. How many people are on the bus altogether?

bar model addition 25+17

2.The length of one side of a square is 23cm. What is the perimeter?

bar model question 23x4

3.There is a total weight of 40 KG. Each weight is 5KG. How many weights are there altogether?

bar model question 3

Answers:

  1. Augmentation
  2. Repeated addition
  3. Inverse-of-multiplication 

What is an example of a bar model?

This image is an example of a bar model: a block representing a value.

What are the different types of bar model?

The different types of bar models are the part part whole model and the comparison model. In the part whole model we usually know two parts and are trying to find the whole. In the comparison model we compare two different bars often looking at a before and after situation.

How do bar models solve word problems?

Bar models can help solve multi-step word problems by producing a visual of the problem. The visual representation can help students to understand wordy questions that may otherwise be difficult to comprehend.

Why is a bar model helpful?

A bar model helps students to visually see the information within a problem, often making it easier to understand.

Bar model teaching resources 

Download for free, some of Third Space Learning’s great bar models resources to deploy in your classroom:

Find out more about other primary maths terms in our primary maths dictionary .

Do you have pupils who need extra support in maths?
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Neil Almond
Neil Almond
Woodland AT Primary
Lead Teacher
Neil is deputy head of a South East London primary school specialising in curriculum development and staff professional learning. Previously, Neil was a classroom teacher at ARK Schools for over ten years. He is a published author in books and journals and has a strongly evidenced based practice.
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Ultimate Guide to Bar Modelling KS1 and KS2

Ultimate Guide to Bar Modelling KS1 and KS2

Learn more about applying bar models in KS1 and KS2 arithmetic with this comprehensive guide to bar modelling.

Download Free Now!

Ultimate Guide to Bar Modelling KS1 and KS2

Downloadable resource

Learn more about applying bar models in KS1 and KS2 arithmetic with this comprehensive guide to bar modelling.

Download Free Now!
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