1. Which of these tables shows the correct values for the line $ y=6x-8? $

x −2 −1 0 1 2 3 y = 6x − 8 −20 −14 −8 −2 4 10

x −2 −1 0 1 2 3 y = 6x − 8 −4 −2 0 −2 4 10

x −2 −1 0 1 2 3 y = 6x − 8 4 2 0 2 4 10

x −2 −1 0 1 2 3 y = 6x − 8 −20 −14 −6 −2 4 10

Straight line graphs

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In order to access this I need to be confident with:

Plotting graphs Substitution Negative numbers Scale maths

This topic is relevant for:

GCSE Maths Algebra Types Of Graphs

Straight Line Graphs

Here we will learn about straight line graphs including how to draw straight lines graphs of the form y = mx + c by using a table and from a pair of coordinates. We will learn how to calculate the gradient of a straight line including parallel and perpendicular lines, and how to quickly sketch a straight line graph with limited information.

There are also straight line graphs worksheets based on Edexcel, AQA and OCR exam questions, along with further guidance on where to go next if you’re still stuck.

What is a straight line graph?

A straight line graph is a visual representation of a linear function. It has a general equation of:

y=mx+c

Where $m$ is the gradient of the line

And $c$ is the $y$ intercept.

E.g.
$y=2x+1$

Here we can see that the gradient $= 2$ , and the $y$ -intercept happens at $(0,1)$ .

The graph of this equation looks like this:

Highlighted on the graph are several important values that you must be able to label on any straight line graph.

These include:

Labelled axes for $x$ and $y$ .
Clearly plotted coordinates.
A single straight line across the entire grid – you must use a ruler.
The point of intersection with the $y$ -axis.
The equation of the line.

What is a straight line graph?

Exploring straight line graphs

1. Plotting straight line graphs

In order to plot straight line graphs we need to substitute values for $x$ into the equation for the graph and work out the corresponding values for $y$ .
We often put these values in a table to make our work clearer. Once we have calculated the coordinates, we can plot these as a graph.

Example

Complete the table to plot the graph of the equation.

y=x+4

$x$	-2	-1	0	1	2	3	4
$y=x+4$				5		7	8

Substitute each given value for x into the general equation of a straight line.

Here we need to substitute the values of $x$ in the table to calculate the values for $y$ .

$x$	-2	-1	0	1	2	3	4
$y=x+4$	$y=-2+4$ $y=2$	$y=-1+4$ $y=3$	$y=0+4$ $y=4$	5	$y=2+4$ $y=6$	7	8

2Plot the resulting coordinates onto a set of labelled axes.

As a coordinate is written as $(x,y)$ , from the table we now have the coordinates $(-2,2), (-1,3), (0,4), (1,5), (2,6), (3,7),$ and $(4,8)$ which we can plot:

3Draw a straight line through all the plotted coordinates across the whole plotting area.

Top tip: don’t forget to label the line as the equation in the question. Here we have labelled the straight line $y = x + 4$ .

Step-by-step guide: Equation of a line

2. Sketching a graph

Sometimes, we only need a sketch of a straight line graph – we don’t need it to be plotted with the same accuracy as we would get by calculating coordinates.
The sketched graph should include certain information such as labelled axes, a labelled line and the points where the line crosses the axes.

Let’s compare a poor sketch with a good sketch of the straight line $y=2x+1$

Poor sketch

Although the line does have a positive gradient and intersects the $y$ -axis at one point, the graph assumes that there are only positive values of $x$ . Also nothing on the graph is labelled.

Good sketch

The key parts to pick out from the image above are:

Labelled axes for $x$ and $y$ without a scale
A few, clearly plotted coordinates
A single straight line across the entire grid – you must use a ruler
The point of intersection with the $y$ -axis
The point of intersection with the $x$ -axis
The equation of the line

Step-by-step guide: How to find the y intercept and the x intercept

3. Finding the midpoint of a line segment

The midpoint of a line segment is a point that lies exactly halfway between two points. It is the same distance from each endpoint of the straight line segment.

We find the midpoint of a line segment by finding the average of the $x$ coordinates and the average of the $y$ coordinates of the two endpoints.

For example, for the points (4, 6) and (8, 2):

Average of $x$ coordinates $=\frac{4+8}{2}=\frac{12}{2}=6$

Average of $y$ coordinates $=\frac{6+2}{2}=\frac{8}{2}=4$

So the coordinates of the midpoint are (6, 4).

Step-by-step guide: How to find the midpoint

See also: Coordinates maths

4. Gradient of a line

The gradient of a line tells us how steep a line is. It tells us how many steps the line goes up for every one it goes across. Therefore, the higher the gradient, the steeper the line.
If the gradient is negative, the line goes down rather than up (from left to right).

Example:

Calculate the gradient of the straight line in the diagram.

Straight Line Graphs gradient of a line image 1

State two coordinates that lie on the straight line.

Locating two coordinates that pass through the corners of the grid squares, we have the coordinates $(0,1)$ and $(4,7)$ .

Straight Line Graphs gradient of a line step 1

2Find the change in $y$ and the change in $x$ .

Straight Line Graphs gradient of a line step 2

The change in $y$ is equal to $y_2 - y_1 = 7 - 1 = 6$ .

The change in $x$ is equal to $x_2 - x_1 = 4 - 0 = 4$ .

3Here

m=\frac{6}{4}=\frac{3}{2}

So the gradient of the line is $m=\frac{3}{2}$ .

Step-by-step guide: Gradient of a line

See also: Distance formula

5. y = mx + c

The general equation for a straight line is $y=mx+c$ , where $m$ is the gradient and $c$ is the $y$ intercept.
We can find the equation of a straight line by finding the gradient and the $y$ intercept and then using these values in the equation.

Example:

The two coordinates A $(3,5)$ and B $(5,11)$ lie on the same straight line L. Use these coordinates to find the equation of line L.

Calculate the gradient of the line.

m=\frac{y_2-y_1}{x_2-x_1}=\frac{11-5}{5-3}=\frac{6}{2}=3

So the gradient $m = 3$

2Calculate the y-intercept of the straight line.

When $y = 3x + c$ at A $(3,5)$ ,

\begin{aligned} 5&=3\times3+c\\\\ 5&=9+c\\\\ c&=-4 \end{aligned}

So the $y$ -intercept is at $(0,-4)$ .

3State the equation of the straight line.

y=3x-4

Step-by-step guide: y=mx+c

6. Parallel and perpendicular lines

Parallel lines are lines that go in exactly the same direction and therefore never meet.
The gradients of parallel lines are equal.

Perpendicular lines are lines that cross at $90^o$ to each other.
The gradients of perpendicular lines multiply together to make $-1$ (they are negative reciprocals of each other).

Example:

Show that the two lines $y = 6 - 4x$ and $4y = x$ are perpendicular.

Rearrange both equations into the form $y = mx + c$ .

Straight Line Graphs parallel and perpendicular lines step 1 2

Here we have $y = -4x + 6$ and $y = \frac{1}{4}x$ .

2State the gradient of each line.

${{m}_{1}}=-4$ and ${{m}_{2}}=\frac{1}{4}$

3Multiply the gradients together. If they equal −1, the two lines are perpendicular.

-4\times\frac{1}{4}=\frac{-4}{4}=-1

Yes they are perpendicular.

Step-by-step guide: Parallel and perpendicular lines

See also: Intersecting lines

Summary of linear graphs

For straight line graphs there is a linear relationship between the $x$ and $y$ values and so the line is straight and must be drawn with a ruler.
The gradient determines how steep the line is and the $y$ -intercept tells us the location where the straight line intersects the $y$ -axis.
Each straight line can be drawn accurately by substituting values for $x$ into the general equation of a straight line $y = mx + c$ or sketched with appropriate labelling.
We can draw straight lines that have a positive gradient, have a negative gradient, are horizontal or vertical, parallel and perpendicular.

Step-by-step guide: Linear graph

How to plot a straight line graph

In order to plot a straight line graph:

Substitute each given value for $x$ into the general equation of a straight line.
Plot the resulting coordinates onto a set of labelled axes.
Draw a straight line through all the plotted coordinates across the whole plotting area.

Straight line graphs worksheet

Get your free straight line graphs worksheet of 20+ questions and answers. Includes reasoning and applied questions.

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Straight line graphs worksheet

Get your free straight line graphs worksheet of 20+ questions and answers. Includes reasoning and applied questions.

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Straight line graphs examples

Example 1: Plot given y = mx + c and table

Plot the graph of the equation $y=2x-3$

$x$	-2	-1	0	1	2
$y=-x+4$		-5

Substitute each given value for $x$ into the general equation of a straight line.

$x$	-2	-1	0	1	2
$y=2x-3$	$y = (2 \times -2) - 3$ $y = -4 - 3$ $y = -7$	-5	$y = (2 \times0 ) - 3$ $y = 0 - 3$ $y = - 3$	$y = (2 \times 1) - 3$ $y = 2 - 3$ $y = -1$	$y = (2 \times 2) - 3$ $y = 4 - 3$ $y = 1$

Plot the resulting coordinates onto a set of labelled axes.

We now have the following coordinates to plot on a set of axes:

$(-2,-7), (-1,-5), (0,-3), (1,-1), (2,1).$

Draw a straight line through all the plotted coordinates across the whole plotting area.

Example 2: Different axis scales

Plot the graph of the equation on the set of axes below.

y=\frac{1}{2}x-2

Substitute each given value for $x$ into the general equation of a straight line.

Here we do not have a table to complete, so we need to choose values for $x$ that appear on the set of axes. Remember that the more points you can plot, the more likely your straight line will be correct. Here, we will choose the values of $x$ to be $0, 1,$ and $2$ .

When $x = 0,$

$\begin{aligned} &y=(\frac{1}{2}\times{0})-2\\\\ &y=0-2\\\\ &y=-2 \end{aligned}$

So we have the coordinate $(0,-2)$ .

When $x = 1$ ,

$\begin{aligned} &y=(\frac{1}{2}\times{1})-2\\\\ &y=\frac{1}{2}-2\\\\ &y=-1\frac{1}{2} \end{aligned}$

So we have the coordinate $(1, -1\frac{1}{2}).$

When $x = 2$ ,

$\begin{aligned} &y=(\frac{1}{2}\times{2})-2\\\\\ &y=1-2\\\\ &y=-1 \end{aligned}$

So we have the coordinate $(2,-1)$ .

We now have the three coordinates: $(0,−2), (1, −1\frac{1}{2})$ and $(2,-1)$ .

Plot the resulting coordinates onto a set of labelled axes.

Draw a straight line through all the plotted coordinates across the whole plotting area.

Example 3: Plot the straight line not in the form y = mx + c

Plot the graph of the equation below on the given set of axes for $-2\leq{x}\leq2.$

2y-6=4x

Substitute each given value for $x$ into the general equation of a straight line.

First we need to rearrange the equation $2y = 4x + 6$ to make $y$ the subject. This will make calculating the values for $y$ more straightforward.

To make y the subject:

Now we can substitute in values for $x$ into $y = 2x + 3$ to find the respective $y$ coordinate.
Here, we will draw a table for $y = 2x + 3$ for the range of values $-2\leq{x}\leq2.$

$x$	-2	-1	0	1	2
$y$	$y=(2 \times -2) +3$ $y = -4 + 3$ $y = -1$	$y=(2 \times -1) +3$ $y = -2 + 3$ $y = 1$	$y=(2 \times 0) +3$ $y = 0 + 3$ $y = 3$	$y=(2 \times 1) +3$ $y = 2 + 3$ $y = 5$	$y=(2 \times 2) +3$ $y = 4 + 3$ $y = 7$

Plot the resulting coordinates onto a set of labelled axes.

We now have the coordinates: $(-2,-1), (-1,1), (0,3), (1,5),$ and $(2,7)$ .

Draw a straight line through all the plotted coordinates across the whole plotting area.

Example 4: Negative gradient in the form y = mx + c

Complete the table to plot the graph of the equation.

y=-4x+1

$x$	-2	-1	0	1	2
$y$			1

Substitute each given value for $x$ into the general equation of a straight line.

$x$	-2	-1	0	1	2
$y$	$y = (-4 \times -2) + 1$ $y = 8 + 1$ $y = 9$	$y = (-4 \times -1) + 1$ $y = 4 + 1$ $y = 5$	1	$y = (-4 \times 1) + 1$ $y = -4 + 1$ $y = -3$	$y = -4 \times 2) + 1$ $y = -8 + 1$ $y = -7$

Plot the resulting coordinates onto a set of labelled axes.

We now have the coordinates: $(-2,9), (-1,5), (0,1), (1,-3),$ and $(2,-7)$ .

Draw a straight line through all the plotted coordinates across the whole plotting area.

Example 5: Negative gradient not in the form y = mx + c

Plot the graph of the equation for $-1\leq{x}\leq3.$

3x+y=2

Substitute each given value for $x$ into the general equation of a straight line.

First we need to rearrange the equation $3x + y = 2$ to make $y$ the subject.

To make $y$ the subject:

Now we can substitute in values for $x$ into $y = -3x + 2$ to find the respective $y$ coordinate. Here, we will draw a table for $y = -3x + 2$ for the range of values $-1\leq{x}\leq3.$

$x$	-1	0	1	2	3
$y$	$y = (-3 \times -1) + 2$ $y = 3 + 2$ $y = 5$	$y = (-3 \times 0) + 2$ $y = 0 + 2$ $y = 2$	$y = (-3 \times 1) + 2$ $y = -3 + 2$ $y = -1$	$y = (-3 \times 2) + 2$ $y = -6 + 2$ $y = -4$	$y = (-3 \times 3) + 2$ $y = -9 + 2$ $y = -7$

Plot the resulting coordinates onto a set of labelled axes.

We now have the following coordinates for the line $3x + y = 2: (-1,5), (0,2), (1,-1), (2,-4), (3,-7)$

Draw a straight line through all the plotted coordinates across the whole plotting area.

Common misconceptions

Draw the line across the entire grid

A straight line is continuous. If you join the coordinates on the set of axes only, you are only drawing part of the line. Make sure the graph is extended across the entire grid. See below for a visual description:

Straight Line Graphs common misconceptions 1 1

Label axes equally

The scale on each axis is linear which means that every unit has a set distance. When you are writing a scale onto a set of axes, make sure each unit is the same number of grid squares from the next, this is very important around the origin. See below for a visual representation of multiple misconceptions with labelling axes:

Straight Line Graphs common misconceptions 2 1

Not using a ruler

This is not necessarily a misconception but the reason why you should always use a ruler is because you are drawing a single straight line, with no breaks, kinks or curves. A straight line is a straight line!

The line isn’t straight (random coordinates)

Sometimes you have generated a coordinate that does not lie in the expected position on the straight line. This can mean one of two things: a) the substitution hasn’t been calculated correctly, b) the coordinate is not plotted correctly.

To resolve this, have a look where the coordinate is supposed to lie using your straight line to help you and check the plotting of the coordinate, and then the substitution.

Straight Line Graphs common misconceptions 3 1

Mix up $x$ and $y$ values

A coordinate on a cartesian grid has the general form $(x, y)$ . Make sure that when you are generating your coordinates, the $x$ value appears first in the bracket, followed by the $y$ value that has been calculated.

Practice straight line graphs questions

x	−2	−1	0	1	2	3
y = 6x − 8	−4	−2	0	−2	4	10

x	−2	−1	0	1	2	3
y = 6x − 8	4	2	0	2	4	10

x	−2	−1	0	1	2	3
y = 6x − 8	−20	−14	−8	−2	4	10

x	−2	−1	0	1	2	3
y = 6x − 8	−20	−14	−6	−2	4	10

When $x=-2$

\begin{aligned} &y=(6\times-2)-8\\ &y=-12-8\\ &y=-20 \end{aligned}

When $x=-1$

\begin{aligned} &y=(6\times-1)-8\\ &y=-6-8\\ &y=-14 \end{aligned}

When $x= 0$

\begin{aligned} &y=(6\times0)-8\\ &y=0-8\\ &y=-8 \end{aligned}

When $x=1$

\begin{aligned} &y=(6\times1)-8\\ &y=6-8\\ &y=-2 \end{aligned}

When $x= 2$

\begin{aligned} &y=(6\times2)-8\\ &y=12-8\\ &y=4 \end{aligned}

When $x= 3$

\begin{aligned} &y=(6\times3)-8\\ &y=18-8\\ &y=10 \end{aligned}

x	−2	−1	0	1	2	3
y = 6x − 8	−20	−14	−8	−2	4	10

Straight Line Graphs Practice question 2a 1

Straight Line Graphs practice questions 2b 1

Straight Line Graphs practice questions 2c 1

Straight Line Graphs practice questions 2d 1

x	−2	−1	0	1
y = 5x + 3	−7	−2	3	8

When $x=-2$

\begin{aligned} &y=(5\times-2)+3\\ &y=-7 \end{aligned}

When $x=-1$

\begin{aligned} &y=(5\times-1)+3\\ &y=-2 \end{aligned}

When $x= 0$

\begin{aligned} &y=(5\times0)+3\\ &y=3 \end{aligned}

When $x=1$

\begin{aligned} &y=(5\times1)+3\\ &y=8 \end{aligned}

Straight Line Graphs practice question 3a 1

Straight Line Graphs practice question 3b 1

Straight Line Graphs practice question 3c 1

Straight Line Graphs practice question 3d 1

\begin{aligned} &x \quad \quad \quad \,-8 \quad \quad -4 \quad \quad 0 \quad \quad \;4 \quad \quad \;\,8\\ y=&-\frac{1}{4}x \quad \quad \; 2 \quad \quad \;\;\; 1 \quad \quad \, 0 \quad \;\;-1 \quad \;\; -2 \end{aligned}

To work out the coordinates of some points on this graph, we can choose to use values of $x$ which are easily divisible by $4$ (i.e. numbers in the $4$ times table).

When $x=-8$

\begin{aligned} &y=(-\frac{1}{4}\times{-8})\\ &y=2 \end{aligned}

When $x=-4$

\begin{aligned} &y=(-\frac{1}{4}\times{-4})\\ &y= 1 \end{aligned}

When $x= 0$

\begin{aligned} &y=(-\frac{1}{4}\times{0})\\ &y=0 \end{aligned}

When $x=4$

\begin{aligned} &y=(-\frac{1}{4}\times{4})\\ &y=-1 \end{aligned}

When $x=8$

\begin{aligned} &y=(-\frac{1}{4}\times{8})\\ &y=-2 \end{aligned}

Straight Line Graphs practice questions 4a 1

Straight Line Graphs practice questions4b 1

Straight Line Graphs practice questions4c 1

Straight Line Graphs practice questions 4d 1

x	−2	−1	0	1	2
2y + 3x = 12	9	7.5	6	4.5	3

When $x=-2$

\begin{aligned} &y=(-1.5\times-2)+6\\ &y=3+6\\ &y=9 \end{aligned}

When $x=-1$

\begin{aligned} &y=(-1.5\times-1)+6\\ &y=1.5+6\\ &y=7.5 \end{aligned}

When $x= 0$

\begin{aligned} &y=(-1.5\times0)+6\\ &y=0+6\\ &y=6 \end{aligned}

When $x=1$

\begin{aligned} &y=(-1.5\times1)+6\\ &y=-1.5+6\\ &y=4.5 \end{aligned}

When $x=2$

\begin{aligned} &y=(-1.5\times2)+6\\ &y=-3+6\\ &y=3 \end{aligned}

y=-6x+3

y=6x-3

y=3x+6

y=3x-6

The general equation of a line is $y=mx+c$ where $m$ is the gradient (so it will be $3x$ ) and $c$ is the $y$ intercept (so it will be $-6$ ).

y=-4x+5

y=4x-3

y=2x+5

y=\frac{1}{4}x +5

The gradients of parallel lines are equal so any line with a gradient of $4$ will be parallel to $y=4x+5.$

Straight line graphs GCSE questions

1. Circle the coordinate that lies on the line $6x + 12y = 0$

(12,6)

(18,0)

(2,0)

(2,-1)

(-4,-2)

(1 mark)

Show answer

$(2,-1)$

(1)

2. (a) Two straight lines intersect at the point $P.$

Straight line graphs GCSE questions 2a 1

Calculate the coordinate of $P.$

(b) State the gradient of the line $2y=x+8$

(5 marks)

Show answer

(a)

Horizontal line $y=2$

(1)

When $y=2, 2 \times 2=x+8$

(1)

$x=-4$ and $(-4,2)$

(1)

(b)

y=\frac{1}{2}x+4

(1)

m=\frac{1}{2}

(1)

3. (a) Complete the table for $y=-6+4x$

x	−3	−2	−1	0	1	2
y	−18				−2

(b) Draw the graph of the line $y=-6+4x$

Straight line graphs GCSE questions 3b 1

(5 marks)

Show answer

(a)

x	−3	−2	−1	0	1	2
y	−18	−14	−10	−6	−2	2

(2)

(b)

All coordinates plotted correctly

(1)

One continuous straight line through all points

(1)

$y$ -intercept clearly labelled

Straight line graphs GCSE questions 3b (2) 1

(1)

Learning checklist

You have now learned how to:

recognise, sketch and produce graphs of linear functions of

1

variable with appropriate scaling, using equations in

x

and

y

and the Cartesian plane

reduce a given linear equation in

2

variables to the standard form

y = mx + c

; calculate and interpret gradients and intercepts of graphs of such linear equations numerically, graphically and algebraically

move freely between different numerical, algebraic, graphical and diagrammatic representations, including of linear functions

recognise, sketch and interpret graphs of linear functions

use the form

y = mx + c

to identify parallel {and perpendicular} lines; find the equation of the line through

2

given points, or through

1

point with a given gradient

The next lessons are

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