15 Probability Questions And Practice Problems for Middle and High School: Harder Exam Style Questions Included
Probability questions and probability problems require students to work out how likely it is that something is to happen. Probabilities can be described using words or numbers. Probabilities range from 0 to 1 and can be written as fractions, decimals or percentages.
Here you’ll find a selection of probability questions of varying difficulty showing the variety you are likely to encounter in middle school and high school, including several harder exam style questions.
What are some real life examples of probability?
The more likely something is to happen, the higher its probability. We think about probabilities all the time.
For example, you may have seen that there is a 20% chance of rain on a certain day or thought about how likely you are to roll a 6 when playing a game, or to win in a raffle when you buy a ticket.
Probability Questions For Middle & High School
Get all the questions from this blog in an easy-to-download format, including answer key. Includes a mix of worded problems and deeper problem solving questions.
Download Free Now!How to calculate probabilities
The probability of something happening is given by:
We can also use the following formula to help us calculate probabilities and solve problems:
- Probability of something not occuring = 1 – probability of if occurring
P(not\;A) = 1 - P(A) - For mutually exclusive events:
Probability of event A OR event B occurring = Probability of event A +
Probability of event B
P(A\;or\;B) = P(A)+P(B) - For independent events:
Probability of event A AND event B occurring = Probability of event A times probability of event B
P(A\;and\;B) = P(A) × P(B)
Probability question: A worked example
Question: What is the probability of getting heads three times in a row when flipping a coin?
When flipping a coin, there are two possible outcomes – heads or tails. Each of these options has the same probability of occurring during each flip. The probability of either heads or tails on a single coin flip is ½.
Since there are only two possible outcomes and they have the same probability of occurring, this is called a binomial distribution.
Let’s look at the possible outcomes if we flipped a coin three times.
Let H=heads and T=tails.
The possible outcomes are: HHH, THH, THT, HTT, HHT, HTH, TTH, TTT
Each of these outcomes has a probability of ⅛.
Therefore, the probability of flipping a coin three times in a row and having it land on heads all three times is ⅛.
Middle school probability questions
In middle school, probability questions introduce the idea of the probability scale and the fact that probabilities sum to one. We look at theoretical and experimental probability as well as learning about sample space diagrams and venn diagrams.
6th grade probability questions
1. Which number could be added to this spinner to make it more likely that the spinner will land on an odd number than a prime number?
Currently there are two odd numbers and two prime numbers so the chances of landing on an odd number or a prime number are the same. By adding 3, 5 or 11 you would be adding one prime number and one odd number so the chances would remain equal.
By adding 9 you would be adding an odd number but not a prime number. There would be three odd numbers and two prime numbers so the spinner would be more likely to land on an odd number than a prime number.
2. Ifan rolls a fair dice, with sides labeled A, B, C, D, E and F. What is the probability that the dice lands on a vowel?
A and E are vowels so there are 2 outcomes that are vowels out of 6 outcomes altogether.
Therefore the probability is \frac{2}{6} which can be simplified to \frac{1}{3} .
7th grade probability questions
3. Max tested a coin to see whether it was fair. The table shows the results of his coin toss experiment:
Heads Tails
26 41
What is the relative frequency of the coin landing on heads?
Max tossed the coin 67 times and it landed on heads 26 times.
\text{Relative frequency (experimental probability) } = \frac{\text{number of successful trials}}{\text{total number of trials}} = \frac{26}{67}
4. Grace rolled two dice. She then did something with the two numbers shown. Here is a sample space diagram showing all the possible outcomes:
What did Grace do with the two numbers shown on the dice?
Add them together
Subtract the number on dice 2 from the number on dice 1
Multiply them
Subtract the smaller number from the bigger number
For each pair of numbers, Grace subtracted the smaller number from the bigger number.
For example, if she rolled a 2 and a 5, she did 5 − 2 = 3.
8th grade probability questions
5. Alice has some red balls and some black balls in a bag. Altogether she has 25 balls. Alice picks one ball from the bag. The probability that Alice picks a red ball is x and the probability that Alice picks a black ball is 4x. Work out how many black balls are in the bag.
Since the probability of mutually exclusive events add to 1:
\begin{aligned}
x+4x&=1\\\\
5x&=1\\\\
x&=\frac{1}{5}
\end{aligned}
\frac{1}{5} of the balls are red and \frac{4}{5} of the balls are blue.
\frac{4}{5} \text{ of } 25 = 20
6. Arthur asked the students in his class whether they like math and whether they like science. He recorded his results in the venn diagram below.
How many students don’t like science?
We need to look at the numbers that are not in the ‘Like science’ circle. In this case it is 9 + 7 = 16.
High school probability questions
In high school, probability questions involve more problem solving to make predictions about the probability of an event. We also learn about probability tree diagrams, which can be used to represent multiple events, and conditional probability.
9th grade probability questions
7. A restaurant offers the following options:
Starter – soup or salad
Main – chicken, fish or vegetarian
Dessert – ice cream or cake
How many possible different combinations of starter, main and dessert are there?
The number of different combinations is 2 × 3 × 2 = 12.
8. There are 18 girls and 12 boys in a class. \frac{2}{9} of the girls and \frac{1}{4} of the boys walk to school. One of the students who walks to school is chosen at random. Find the probability that the student is a boy.
First we need to work out how many students walk to school:
\frac{2}{9} \text{ of } 18 = 4
\frac{1}{4} \text{ of } 12 = 3
4 + 3 = 7
7 students walk to school. 4 are girls and 3 are boys. So the probability the student is a boy is \frac{3}{7} .
9. Rachel flips a biased coin. The probability that she gets two heads is 0.16. What is the probability that she gets two tails?
We have been given the probability of getting two heads. We need to calculate the probability of getting a head on each flip.
Let’s call the probability of getting a head p.
The probability p, of getting a head AND getting another head is 0.16.
Therefore to find p:
\begin{aligned} p × p = 0.16\\\\ p^2 = 0.16\\\\ p = 0.4. \end{aligned}
The probability of getting a head is 0.4 so the probability of getting a tail is 0.6.
The probability of getting two tails is 0.6 × 0.6 = 0.36.
10th grade probability questions
10. I have a big tub of jelly beans. The probability of picking each different color of jelly bean is shown below:
If I were to pick 60 jelly beans from the tub, how many orange jelly beans would I expect to pick?
First we need to calculate the probability of picking an orange. Probabilities sum to 1 so 1 − (0.2 + 0.15 + 0.1 + 0.3) = 0.25.
The probability of picking an orange is 0.25.
The number of times I would expect to pick an orange jelly bean is 0.25 × 60 = 15.
11. Dexter runs a game at a fair. To play the game, you must roll a dice and pick a card from a deck of cards.
To win the game you must roll an odd number and pick a picture card. The game can be represented by the tree diagram below.
Dexter charges players $1 to play and gives $3 to any winners. If 260 people play the game, how much profit would Dexter expect to make?
Completing the tree diagram:
Probability of winning is \frac{1}{2} \times \frac{4}{13} = \frac{4}{26}
If 260 play the game, Dexter would receive $260.
The expected number of winners would be \frac{4}{26} \times 260 = 40
Dexter would need to give away 40 × $3 = $120.
Therefore Dexter’s profit would be $260 − $120 = $140.
12. A fair coin is tossed three times. Work out the probability of getting two heads and one tail.
There are three ways of getting two heads and one tail: HHT, HTH or THH.
The probability of each is \frac{1}{2} \times \frac{1}{2} \times \frac{1}{2} = \frac{1}{8}
Therefore the total probability is \frac{1}{8} +\frac{1}{8} + \frac{1}{8} = \frac{3}{8}
11th/12th grade probability questions
13. 200 people were asked about which athletic event they thought was the most exciting to watch. The results are shown in the table below.
A person is chosen at random. Given that that person chose 100m, what is the probability that the person was female?
Since we know that the person chose 100m, we need to include the people in that column only.
In total 88 people chose 100m so the probability the person was female is \frac{32}{88} .
14. Sam asked 50 people whether they like vegetable pizza or pepperoni pizza.
37 people like vegetable pizza.
25 people like both.
3 people like neither.
Sam picked one of the 50 people at random. Given that the person he chose likes pepperoni pizza, find the probability that they don’t like vegetable pizza.
We need to draw a venn diagram to work this out.
We start by putting the 25 who like both in the middle section. The 37 people who like vegetable pizza includes the 25 who like both, so 12 more people must like vegetable pizza. 3 don’t like either. We have 50 – 12 – 25 – 3 = 10 people left so this is the number that must like only pepperoni.
There are 35 people altogether who like pepperoni pizza. Of these, 10 do not like vegetable pizza. The probability is \frac{10}{35} .
15. There are 12 marbles in a bag. There are n red marbles and the rest are blue marbles. Nico takes 2 marbles from the bag. Write an expression involving n for the probability that Nico takes one red marble and one blue marble.
We need to think about this using a tree diagram. If there are 12 marbles altogether and n are red then 12-n are blue.
To get one red and one blue, Nico could choose red then blue or blue then red so the probability is:
\begin{aligned} \frac{n}{12} \times \frac{12-n}{11} + \frac{12-n}{12} \times \frac{n}{11} &= \frac{n(12-n)}{132} + \frac{n(12-n)}{132}\\\\ &= \frac{2n(12-n)}{132}\\\\ &=\frac{n(12-n)}{66} \end{aligned}
Looking for more middle school and high school probability math questions?
Try these:
- Ratio questions
- Algebra questions
- Trigonometry questions
- Venn diagram questions
- Long division questions
- Pythagorean theorem questions
Do you have students who need extra support in math?
Give your students more opportunities to consolidate learning and practice skills through personalized math tutoring with their own dedicated online math tutor.
Each student receives differentiated instruction designed to close their individual learning gaps, and scaffolded learning ensures every student learns at the right pace. Lessons are aligned with your state’s standards and assessments, plus you’ll receive regular reports every step of the way.
Personalized one-on-one math tutoring programs are available for:
– 2nd grade tutoring
– 3rd grade tutoring
– 4th grade tutoring
– 5th grade tutoring
– 6th grade tutoring
– 7th grade tutoring
– 8th grade tutoring
Why not learn more about how it works?
The content in this article was originally written by secondary teacher Beki Christian and has since been revised and adapted for US schools by elementary math teacher Katie Keeton.
