What Is A Mixed Number: Explained For Elementary School
Mixed numbers and improper fractions are introduced once children are secure in their understanding of proper fractions.
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Download Free Now!What is a mixed number?
A mixed number, sometimes also called a mixed fraction, is a combination of an integer (whole number) and fraction (part of a whole number).
Examples of mixed numbers
Mixed numbers can be written with or without ‘and’, e.g. 5 and ¾ or 5¾. The fractional part of the mixed number must be a proper fraction (less than one whole). In a proper fraction, the numerator (top number) is less than the denominator (bottom number), such as 3⁄7, or 11⁄15.
A mixed number cannot be composed of an integer and an improper fraction (more than one whole), such as 5 and 5⁄4. This would have to be corrected to a mixed number – in this case, it would be 6 and ¼.
When do children learn about mixed numbers?
Children first encounter mixed numbers in upper elementary. In 4th grade students must recognize mixed numbers and improper fractions and convert from one form to the other and write mathematical statements (for example, 2⁄5 + ⅘ = 6⁄5 = 1 and ⅕).
Finally, in 5th grade math lessons, students will be “adding and subtracting fractions with different denominators and mixed numbers, using the concept of equivalent fractions”.
How do mixed numbers relate to other areas of math?
Mixed numbers often appear in measurement topics, requiring children to convert between units of measure. For example, children would be expected to know that 1½ liters is equivalent to 1,500ml, or that 2¾ hours = 165 minutes. Some mixed numbers may require simplifying, e.g. 4 2⁄4 = 4½.
These types of measures will also sometimes be represented as decimals, such as 1.5 or 2.75, as children are expected to know fraction-decimal equivalents in 4th grade.
How are mixed numbers used in real life?
Children should be shown how the math they are learning is applicable in real-life contexts. Therefore, as previously mentioned, mixed numbers can be most commonly found in real life when referring to units of measure, e.g. 1½ tablespoons, 1¾ hours, 5½ pizzas, etc.
3 worked examples for mixed numbers
1) Convert between mixed numbers and improper fractions.
To convert an improper fraction to a mixed number, divide the numerator (in a division, this is also known as the dividend) by the denominator (also known as the divisor). The answer to this (also known as the quotient) becomes the whole number part; the remainder (if there is one) becomes the numerator; the denominator (which was the divisor) remains the same.
For example, to convert 23⁄5 to a mixed number, step-by-step:
- Divide 23 by 5.
- 5 fits into 23 4 whole times, so the whole number is 4.
- There is a remainder of 3, so the new numerator is 3 in the fraction part of the mixed number (the denominator remains the same as the original improper fraction). The answer is therefore 4⅗.
This can be much more clearly visualized with a diagram such as a bar model:
As shown above, twenty-three fifths can also be written as four wholes and three-fifths.
To convert a mixed number to an improper fraction, multiply the whole number by the denominator and add the numerator. The answer to this becomes the new numerator; the denominator remains the same.
For example, to convert 2⅔ to an improper fraction step-by-step:
- 2 (whole number) x 3 (denominator) = 6
- 6 + 2 (numerator) = 8 (the new numerator). The answer is therefore 8⁄3.
As shown above, two wholes and two-thirds can also be written as eight-thirds.
2) Add or subtract mixed numbers.
Example 1: 1¼ + 1½ Example 2: 2⅓ – 1⅖
An addition or subtraction such as these can be approached in one of two ways:
- By first partitioning the mixed numbers into integers and proper fractions, calculating and then recombining, such as example 1 above: 1 + 1 = 2, ¼ + ½ = ¾, then 2 + ¾ = 2¾.
- By first converting the mixed numbers into improper fractions, calculating and then converting back into mixed numbers if necessary, such as example 2 above: 2⅓ – 1⅖ = 7⁄3 – 7⁄5 = 35⁄15 – 21⁄15 = 14⁄15.
3) Multiply mixed numbers by whole numbers
1⅓ x 5
As above, this can be approached in one of two ways:
- By first partitioning the mixed number into an integer and proper fraction, calculating and then recombining: 1 x 5 = 5, ⅓ x 5 = 1⅔, 5 + 1⅔ = 6⅔.
- By first converting the mixed number into an improper fraction, calculating and then converting back into a mixed number if necessary: 1⅓ = 4⁄3, 4⁄3 x 5 = 20⁄3 = 6⅔.
5 mixed number practice questions and answers
- 2½ + 1⅗
Answer = 5⁄2 + 8⁄5 = 25⁄10 + 16⁄10 = 41⁄10 = 4 and 1⁄10 - 3 x 2⅖
Answer = 3 x 12⁄5 = 3⁄5 = 7⅕ - The length of a day on Earth is 24 hours. The length of a day on Mercury is 58⅔ times the length of a day on Earth. What is the length of a day on Mercury, in hours?
Answer: 24 x 58⅔ = 1,408 hours - Which improper fraction is equivalent to 6⅞?
67⁄8 48⁄8 62⁄8 55⁄8 76⁄8
Answer: 55⁄8 - Potatoes cost $1.50 per lb and carrots cost $1.80 per lb. Jack buys 1½lb of potatoes and ½lb of carrots. How much change does he get from $5?
Answer: $1.50 x 1½ = $2.25, ½ of $1.80 = $0.90, $2.25 + $0.90 = $3.15
Read more about adding, subtracting and multiplying fractions in this fractions for kids article.
Both are larger than one whole but are represented differently: an improper fraction has only a numerator and a denominator (the former of which is larger than the latter, e.g. 5⁄3, the equivalent of 1⅔); a mixed number has a whole number and a proper fraction (e.g. 1⅔, the equivalent of 5⁄3).
See the ‘worked examples’ section above
Read more: How to Teach Fractions: adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing fractions.
For more explanations on teaching elementary math topics, see our Math Dictionary.
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The content in this article was originally written by primary school teacher Sophie Bartlett and has since been revised and adapted for US schools by elementary math teacher Christi Kulesza.
